Houlbrook, C. 2015.
Small Change: Economics and the coin-tree in Britain and Ireland.
Post-Medieval Archaeology 49 (1), 114-130

Throughout the c.2000 year period coins have been circulated in Britain, they have also been ritually employed, most notably as votive deposits. Focusing specifically on the understudied custom of the British coin-tree, whereby coins are ritually embedded into the barks of trees, this paper considers the coin's role and applicability as a deposit. It aims to demonstrate that our understanding of the coin's past, present, and future ritual employment is not only aided by a consideration of economics and the coin's secular function; it would be utterly incomplete without it.

'Money is what money does,' declares economist David Wolman. And what money does is act as a means of declaring value and facilitating fair exchange. However, such a use is certainly not limited to the secular realm. The history of British coinage can be traced back two millennia, to some point during the first century BC, and throughout much of this period coins have been imbued with value that transcends economic worth. For most of their history in Britain, they have been ritually employed and perceived of as possessing preternatural powers.

A notable example is the coin's appropriation as a votive offering, early examples of which include the Hallaton Hoard (East Leicestershire). This consisted of over 5000 coins mostly dating between c. AD 20-50,having been deposited at a site which is believed to have been an open-air gathering place with possible ceremonial significance.

Another early, oft-cited example is the accumulation of coins at the Roman fort of Carrawburgh on Hadrian's Wall, where between 15,000 and 20,000 coins were recovered from the sacred well of the nymph Coventina, their dates ranging from the reign of August (27 BC - 14 AD) to the late fourth or early fifth century.

Indeed, votive coins have been discovered at numerous sites throughout Roman Britain, and as an offering at Christian sites, the coin is equalled in popularity only by the candle. The coin was an object regularly deposited in springs and lakes, as offerings to deities or as propitiatory 'sacrifices' to malignant water spirits, and this custom developed into the holy well, into which coins were often thrown as 'payment' to the presiding spirit or saint.

This custom has survived today in the form of the 'wishing well', a tradition now so widespread that they are found in public parks, shopping centres, and popular tourist sites.

Evidently, coins have been ritually employed in Britain for at least as long as they have been economically employed. However, the two uses of the coin should not be stringently divided, in this paper and elsewhere, for they are two sides of the same coin (forgive the pun). It is argued in this paper that the coin's economic purpose is intrinsic to its appropriation as a ritual deposit, and that an examination of wider economical patterns is essential to the contextualisation of coin-centred traditions and ritual practices. In order to demonstrate this inextricable relationship, this paper focuses on an understudied coin tradition in the British Isles: the coin-tree.

For those readers unfamiliar with the term, a coin-tree is exactly what its name would suggest: a tree (occasionally a living specimen, but most often a log or a stump) which has coins inserted edgeways into its bark (Figures 1-2). Thus far, I have catalogued thirty-two active coin-tree sites - active insofar as people today are participating in the custom of inserting their coins into the trees. They are distributed widely across the British Isles and contain a total of 237 coin-trees between them (Map 1 and Table 1). These sites are always in rural areas accessible to the public and are usually located alongside popular woodland or riverside footpaths.

The earliest known coin-tree is an uprooted oak (Quercus) on Isle Maree, Loch Maree, in the Northwest Highlands of Scotland (Figure 3). The first reference to a tree's employment in a folkloric custom on Isle Maree comes from Thomas Pennant's 1775 A tour in Scotland and voyage to the Hebrides, in which he describes a holy well located on the island, consecrated by Saint Maelrubha - also known as Saint Maree - in the eighth century and widely purported to cure insanity. Beside the well was a tree which, at the time Pennant was writing in the 1770s, was being utilized as an 'altar'; pilgrims who sought a cure from the holy well would deposit their tokens of thanks to Saint Maree on this particular tree.

In 1877 the tree was visited by Queen Victoria on her tour of Scotland, and her party inserted some coins themselves - although by this point, the coin was simply viewed as an offering to St. Maree rather than as a bid for the cure of insanity. Queen Victoria described the tree in her diary, in an entry dated 17 September 1877, as follows:

To read the complete article, see:
Small Change: Economics and the coin-tree in Britain and Ireland(www.academia.edu/14114026/Small_Change_Economics_and_the_coin-tree_in_Britain_and_Ireland)