Like nuclear power plants and sensitive computer networks, the safest rare book collections are protected by what is known as "defense in depth"-a series of small, overlapping measures designed to thwart a thief who might be able to overcome a single deterrent. The Oliver Room, home to the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh's rare books and archives, was something close to the platonic ideal of this concept. Greg Priore, manager of the room starting in 1992, designed it that way.

In the spring of 2017, then, the library's administration was surprised to find out that many of the room's holdings were gone. It wasn't just that a few items were missing. It was the most extensive theft from an American library in at least a century, the value of the stolen objects estimated to be $8 million.

Many of the library's holdings had been donated over the years by the founder, Andrew Carnegie, and his friends. But in one notable instance, the library allotted money specifically to purchase 40 volumes of photogravure prints of Native Americans created by Edward Curtis in the first decades of the 20th century. The images were beautiful, historically valuable and extremely rare. Only 272 sets were created; in 2012, Christie's sold one set for $2.8 million. The Carnegie Library's set held some 1,500 photogravure "plates"-illustrations made apart from a book and inserted into it. They had all been cut and removed from their bindings, "except a few scattered throughout of unremarkable subjects," a book expert later noted.

And this was just the beginning. The person who worked over the Oliver Room stole nearly everything of significant monetary value, sparing no country or century or subject. He took the oldest book in the collection, a collection of sermons printed in 1473, and also the most recognizable book, a first edition of Isaac Newton's 98. He stole a first edition of The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith, a letter written by William Jennings Bryan and a rare copy of Elizabeth Cady Stanton's 1898 memoir, Eighty Years and More: Reminiscences 1815-1897. He stole a first edition of a book written by the nation's second president, John Adams, as well as a book signed by the third, Thomas Jefferson. He stole the first English edition of Giovanni Boccaccio's Decameron, printed in London in 1620, and the first edition of George Eliot's Silas Marner, printed in the same city 241 years later. From John James Audubon's 1851-54 Quadrupeds of North America, he stole 108 of the 155 hand-colored lithographs.

In short, he took nearly everything he could get his hands on. And he did it with impunity for close to 25 years.

In the fall of 2016, library officials decided it was time to audit the collection again, and hired the Pall Mall Art Advisors to do the appraisal. Kerry-Lee Jeffrey and Christiana Scavuzzo began their audit on April 3, 2017, a Monday, using the 1991 inventory as a guide. Within an hour, there was trouble. Jeffrey was looking for Thomas McKenney and James Hall's History of the Indian Tribes of North America. This landmark work included 120 hand-colored lithographs, the result of a project that began in 1821 with McKenney's attempt to document in full color the dress and spiritual practices of Native Americans who had visited Washington, D.C. to arrange treaties with the government. The three-volume set of folios, produced between 1836 and 1844, is large and gorgeous and would be a highlight in any collection. But the Carnegie Library's version had been hidden on a top shelf at the end of a row. When Jeffrey discovered why, her stomach dropped. "Once a plump book filled with plates," she would recall, "the sides had caved in on themselves." All those stunning illustrations had been cut from the binding.

The appraisers discovered that many of the invaluable books with illustrations or maps had been ransacked. John Ogilby's America-one of the greatest illustrated English works about the New World, printed in London in 1671-had contained 51 plates and maps. They were gone. A copy of Ptolemy's groundbreaking La Geographia, printed in 1548, had survived intact for over 400 years, but now all of its maps were missing. Of an 18-volume set of Giovanni Piranesi's extremely rare etchings, printed between 1748 and 1807, the assessors noted dryly, "The only part of this asset located during on-site inspection was its bindings. The contents have evidently been removed from the bindings and the appraiser is taking the extraordinary assumption that they have been removed from the premises." The replacement value for the Piranesis alone was $600,000.

To read the complete article, see:
THE INSIDE STORY OF THE $8 MILLION HEIST FROM THE CARNEGIE LIBRARY(https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/theft-carnegie-library-books-maps-artworks-180975506/)

To read earlier E-Sylum articles, see:
CARNEGIE LIBRARY OF PITTSBURGH RARE BOOK THEFTS(https://www.coinbooks.org/v21/esylum_v21n12a07.html)
CARNEGIE LIBRARY RARE BOOK THEFT SENTENCES(https://www.coinbooks.org/v23/esylum_v23n26a30.html)