James Higby writes:

Howard A. Daniel III writes:

Five E-Sylum readers responded to my request last week for terms perhaps they have created, to be included in my upcoming encyclopedia of coin and medal technology. I wish to thank Ken Bressett, James Higby, Ron Abler, Howard Daniel, and Mark Borckardt.

Howard created a term in Vietnamese for MINT STATE and one for use for paper money as well. Then he surmised I wanted English terms only. Both outside the scope of terms I was seeking for diestruck items only, coins and medals.

Jim Higby submitted a term for the use of certain lettering and we had a fascinating exchange of emails on the subject. He submitted BIFURCATION. It means to double or fork. It accurately describes the lower part of vertical stems on letters in the legends on some early American coins. Later, after he had done some concentrated research, he had tracked the first use of the term in this context back to M.H. Bolender.

"OK," he wrote, "you forced me into consulting my numismatic library (which I hope one day will house a copy of your forthcoming book!). I correctly remembered that it was Dr. M. H. Bolender who first came up with the term in his seminal work on early dollars, so I checked in the most recent manifestation thereof by the late, great Jules Reiver. Attached are scans of pages 7 and 8 of his The United States Early Silver Dollars 1794 to 1803 that update the Good Doctor's thoughts.

Jim suggests the inverted Y base of the vertical stems is a result of insufficient metal attempting to fill these letter cavities in the die at the time of striking. There is some support for this. Examine the broken O on the one cent reverse on the adjacent photo -- also lacking a fully-formed letter. I had suggested it was, perhaps, the shape of the letter punch. This may elicit further comments from other knowledgeable E-Sylumites.

Mark Brockardt wrote "I am looking for a term to describe the Indian Head quarter eagles and half eagles of Bela Lyon Pratt, and they are different from what you have in your entry for SUNKEN RELIEF As I understand the terms, the Pratt designs are not INTAGLIO or INCISED They are not a "NEGATIVE RELIEF," rather a positive relief that is sunk into the surrounding surface (field) of the coin. I am unaware of any other instance where the Pratt technique is used in coinage.

'There has to be some sort of technical term that properly describes the Pratt design. I have often heard people describe these as "INCUSE, a term I consider entirely incorrect.'

I insisted SUNKEN RELIEF was entirely correct. He responded then, "what is raised relief in a sunken panel, does such a term exist?"

Raised relief in a sunken panel DOES have a name. It is called COELANAGLYPTIC RELIEF. All forms of relief in English come from their names in Italian. The Italian name for this is cavo-rilievo. This is the type of relief on ancient Egyptian walls and pyramids, so it is also known as EGYPTIAN HOLLOW RELIEF (which some writers shorten to just "hollow relief").

But in all cases the raised relief in the sunken panel does not exceed the level of the background or field.

I cover six types of relief in my encyclopedia. The type of relief necessary for coin models is VERY LOW RELIEF which most of us simply call COIN RELIEF. Everyone knows it must have no undercutting and must have a slight bevel on the sides of all lettering, devices and images, as every die must strike and withdraw with this relief pressed into the surface of the blank. Yes this type of relief has an Italian name you never heard of: stiacciato.

Artists are far freer in the use of a variety of reliefs on models from which medals are made as they do not have the restrictions of coins which must be struck complete in one blow.

I greatly appreciate my correspondents' comments. And if you have a term that you use and would like to have considered, kindly fire it along. Or perhaps, a numismatic situation in which you would like to know if a term already exists. If you coin a new term, or term a new coin -- write me -- dick.johnson@snet.net

To read the earlier E-Sylum article, see:DICK JOHNSON SEEKS NEW TERMS FOR NUMISMATIC ENCYCLOPEDIA(www.coinbooks.org/esylum_v14n04a06.html)