POLITICAL DEFACEMENTS IN NORTHERN IRELAND
Richard Kelleher

The Fitzwilliam Museum was recently able to acquire a large collection of over 500 countermarked and defaced coins formed over several decades by Gavin Scott. This acquisitionwas made possible thanks to the generous support of an Art Fund New Collecting Award grant for my project 'Currencies of Conflict and Dissent'. The breadth of the collectionitself is a testament to the remarkable dedication of an individual collector. The bulk of the collection comprises British, Irish and French coins from the late 18th century tothe present day, but also includes examples from Europe, South Africa, and South America. The Irish material in the collection is of particular significance. The coins display arange of sentiments, both republican and nationalist, personal and paramilitary from the period often referred to as the 'Troubles' in Northern Ireland. This group is the onlysignificant collection in the British Isles outside of Belfast's Linen Hall Library and Ulster Museum.

The earliest sentiments expressed in the collection are anti-Catholic with 'NO BLOODTHIRSTY POPERY' shown here struck on the reverse of a George III cartwheel penny. Themovement against British rule first appears on a penny of George V with the slogan 'NO ENGLISH RULE' stamped on a 90 degree angle across the king's bust. These early examplesremind us of the long 'prehistory' of the Troubles era. The major part of the collection consists of coins struck and defaced from the 1960s to the 1980s. A number of thesereflect nationalist attitudes towards the Republic with 'BAN EIRE GOODS' (Figure 3) and 'SEND PADDY HOME' stamped on Irish coins. A large number of coins bear slogans or acronymsrelating to the principal paramilitary groups of the period. The most prevalent are simple, crudely punched initials for the Irish Republican Army (IRA) (Figure 4), UlsterVolunteer Force (UVF), or Ulster Defence Association (UDA). The likelihood is that these pieces were produced on an ad-hoc basis, perhaps by workers in their lunchbreaks. Theypassed into circulation as anonymous acts of subversion, attachment to a cause, or designed to intimidate. In this sense they were a form of graffiti that could be circulated.

Figure 5 combines the UVF with the Ulster Freedom Fighters (UFF). In most cases, the nationalist or republican countermarks appear on United Kingdom coins, while the unionistor loyalist messages are stamped onto coins of the Republic of Ireland. Thus the attacks are directed towards the coinage and national symbols of the 'other' side, the bust ofQueen Elizabeth II in the case of the republican countermarks, and the symbols of the Irish Republic in the nationalist countermarks, usually the salmon on the two shillings andten pence pieces.

Other examples reference more specific themes. The one illustrated in Figure 6 is a 1971 UK two-pence which has been stamped with 'SMASH H BLOCK 8' on the obverse bust. TheH-blocks at the Maze/Long Kesh prison housed prisoners convicted of scheduled offences after 1 March 1976, with H-block 8 reserved for IRA prisoners. The hunger strikes of 1981came in protest at the removal of Special Category Status from prisoners and led to the deaths of ten IRA hunger strikers. The strikes were a Pyrrhic victory for Margaret Thatcherand her government's hard-line approach to this miserable episode as it led to an increase in IRA recruitment and an upsurge in violence. The final coin illustrated as Figure 7 isan Irish 50 pence with the words 'ULSTER IS BRITISH' stamped on the upper part of the reverse above the woodcock. This claim was a favourite trope of Ian Paisley during his fierypublic addresses.

Material such as this is a poignant rejoinder to the claim that numismatics comprises generic and non-local material. The objects discussed above reveal how mundane, everydayobjects were reworked into political touch-pieces. Rather than being generic and non-local these coins are a material reminder of a violent and contested past specific to NorthernIreland. If readers have seen any recent examples of defaced coins of this sort I'd be keen to hear about them at rmk34@cam.ac.uk