John writes:

Caligula, the Roman emperor best known for his profligacy, sadism, rumored incestuous relationships and unhealthy obsession with a horse, wasn't exactly handsome. Contemporary accounts are filled with descriptions of the infamous ruler's misshapen head, ill-proportioned body, enormous feet and thinning hair. Fully aware of his "naturally frightful and hideous" countenance, according to historian H.V. Canter, Caligula-whose favorite phrase was reportedly "Remember that I have the right to do anything to anybody"-often accentuated his off-putting visage by making faces "intended to inspire horror and fright."

Millennia after the emperor's assassination in 41 A.D., two-dimensional depictions and colorless marble busts offer some sense of his appearance. But a new portrait by Toronto-based designer Daniel Voshart takes the experience of staring into Caligula's eyes to the next level, bringing his piercing gaze to life through a combination of machine learning and photo editing.

Per artnet News' Tanner West, Voshart uploaded his snapshots of stone sculptures to Artbreeder, a generative adversarial network (GAN) that blends images to produce composite creations-in other words, "[T]he tool will combine them together in a sophisticated way to create something that looks ... like the two images had a baby." After several rounds of refining, the artist fine-tuned the likenesses in Photoshop, adding color, texture and other details designed to make the portraits as lifelike as possible.

Crucially, Voshart tells Smithsonian, the project doesn't claim to offer definitive portrayals of what the emperors actually looked like.

"These are all, in the end, ... my artistic interpretation where I am forced to make decisions about skin tone where none [are] available," he says.

To determine the Roman rulers' likely skin tone and hair color, Voshart studied historical records and looked to the men's birthplaces and lineages, ultimately making an educated guess.

To read the complete Smithsonian article, see:
Peer Into the Past With Photorealistic Portraits of Roman Emperors(https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/peer-past-these-photorealistic-portraits-roman-emperors-180975558/)

To read the Medium article, see:
Photoreal Roman Emperor Project(https://medium.com/@voshart/photoreal-roman-emperor-project-236be7f06c8f)