Today's selection -- from Villa and Zapata: A History of the Mexican Revolution by Frank McLynn.

The revolutionary Pancho Villa funded his military exploits by stealing or appropriating goods among the wealthy, in part from taxes, and in part by printing his owncurrency and paying for goods with this currency. For an extended time, this new currency actually worked, in large part because he forced it to work at gunpoint:

"[An] aspect of Villa's economic overlordship deserve[s] special attention: his attitude to the money supply. ... An economic simpleton, Villa saw no reason why hecould not simply print the money he needed, and to an extent the American banks in El Paso colluded with this by accepting his currency at eighteen-nineteen cents on the dollar,on Villa's guarantee. Villa's assault on market orthodoxy was more difficult to handle, especially when he gave the poor of Chihuahua fifteen dollars each on Christmas Day1913, and then fixed the price of staples: beef was to be sold at seven cents a pound, milk at five cents a quart and bread at four cents a loaf.

"Mexican merchants tried to evade Villa's price fixing by pricing their goods on a two-tier system, one price quoted against Mexican silver money, the other againstVilla's paper money. Villa retaliated by ordering a mandatory sixty days in jail for anyone caught discriminating against his currency. When that measure failed to work, andpeople continued to hoard silver and 'real' bank bills, Villa declared that all such money not exchanged for his currency at par within a week would cease to be legaltender and its holders treated as counterfeiters. This tough measure panicked the hoarders into disgorging."

To read the complete article, see:
Today's selection -- from Villa and Zapata: A History of theMexican Revolution by Frank McLynn. (https://mailchi.mp/delanceyplace.com/concentration-camps-in-mexico-90418-zi3j99py8x-1145901?e=6d5f847753)