DIGITAL CASH: The Unknown History of the Anarchists, Utopians, and Technologists Who Created Cryptocurrency
by Finn Brunton.

The history of money is history itself. From the accounting and contracts of Sumerian cuneiform tablets (the earliest written language) toburied coin hoards, stamps and letters of credit, Incan khipu knot-counts, or the maps and censuses written in the service of levying taxes, part ofthe great archive from which history is made are the records of cash, debt, credit, assets, and coinage.

A lot of that archive is durable: cowry shells, wooden tally-sticks, clay tablets, coins buried under floorboards or in the hulls of sunken ships.(/Rai/ stones, the indigenous currency of the Micronesian island of Yap, will outlast us all.) And a lot of that archive gives people their ownincentives to preserve and maintain: saving precious metals, stock certificates, banknotes, deeds, or the proofs of kinship debts and IOUs. But mostof the money transacted now is electronic. How could you write the history of digital cash?

That's where the Internet Archive comes in. About eight years ago I began work in earnest on a book about the prehistory of cryptocurrency: thetechnologies, visions, subcultures, and fantasies that drove the project of building digital objects that could work like cash - anonymoustransactions with money that could prove itself, as a dollar does, rather than needing the identities of the transactors, like a credit card.

Digging up this history meant a crash course in the history of money itself - and, as strange as this might sound, the /history/ of the history ofmoney, how people thought about what money meant and how to read it at different times, with collections like the Newman Numismatic Portal anddocuments like the playwright and poet Joseph Addison's marvelous 1726 "Dialogues Upon the Usefulness of Ancient Medals," a kind of dreamy,melancholy short story about coins, poetry, and the legacies of the past.

It also meant leaning about various utopian projects which used new forms of money and economic schemes to try to change society - these wereoften led the sort of ahead-of-their-time, or out-of-this-world, characters whose archives are, to put it gently, difficult to find. Not for theInternet Archive, though: the documents of the strange project of American Technocracy in the 1930s - like an autobiography written from theperspective of the economic price system! - are, through phone, tablet, or mouse, at one's fingertips.

The book, focused as it is on small circles of monetary and cryptographic utopians in the Bay Area of California from the 1970s through thearrival of Bitcoin, also required study of the subcultures, publications, and movements within which my subjects crossed paths and dreamed big dreams- venues like Mondo 2000 (individual issues are incredibly rich time capsules and the people around Ted Nelson's amazing Xanadu. But, of course, manyof these people were among the first to leave print behind and begin writing and publishing primarily online - especially on the fragile, ephemeralWeb. Which is where the Wayback Machine came in! Here crucial developments that would otherwise be lost were preserved, like Hal Finney's "reusableproof of work" token system - an important step toward what would become Bitcoin and subsequent cryptocurrency and blockchain systems.

About the Author: Finn Brunton (finnb.net) is the author of Spam: A Shadow History of the Internet (2013) and Digital Cash: TheUnknown History of the Anarchists, Technologists, and Utopians Who Created Cryptocurrency (2019), and the co-author of Obfuscation: A User'sGuide for Privacy and Protest (2015) and Communication (2019). He teaches in Media, Culture, and Communication at New York University.

To read the complete article, see:
Money and Utopia at the Internet Archive(http://blog.archive.org/2019/06/11/money-and-utopia-at-the-internet-archive/)