IT'S OFTEN SAID THAT LIFE'S only certainties are death and taxes, but people have spent centuries figuring out ways to evade the latter. Look no further than a hoard of 2,52811th-century coins recently discovered in England, which together bear witness to regime change, domestic unrest, and, amid it all, fraud.

The coins were found in January 2019, by metal detectorists in southwestern England's Chew Valley. This week, the British Museum released details: 1,236 coins date to the briefreign of King Harold II (which started and ended in 1066) and 1,310 to the first years of William I's reign, following the Norman Conquest and the Battle of Hastings. Three of thecoins represent types known to numismatists as "mules," or illegitimate blends of different coin faces cast by moneyers in hopes of avoiding taxes on new coin dies.

If William had seen these counterfeits, they may have hit his ego harder than they hit his purse. Two of the mules depict William on one side of the coin and Harold on theother, indicating that the moneyers reused old dies to mint the coins so they wouldn't have to pony up for more of the updated variety. (The third mule splits its sides betweenWilliam and Edward the Confessor, Harold II's predecessor.) According to the British Museum, these are the first known examples of William/Harold mules, and they surely would havebeen two too many for William the Conqueror. After all, you don't go to the trouble of leading a massive military conquest just to split coin space with your dethroned rival.

Gareth Williams, the British Museum's curator for Early Medieval Coinage, says that this find represents an exceptionally large haul for the time period. The coin hoard addsgreatly to the known examples of each type, and offers a new opportunity to study the evolution of English coinage in a period of massive social and political upheaval. Already,thanks to information on the coins, the researchers have learned of mints not previously known to exist.

The British Museum suspects, but cannot confirm, that the coins were buried in an attempt to preserve wealth in 1067 or 1068, when skirmishes and uprisings were still bubblingup in the aftermath of the Norman Conquest.

To read the complete article, see:
Found: 2,500 Medieval Coins, and Evidence of Tax Evasion(https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/medieval-tax-evasion)

To read the earlier E-Sylum article, see:
LARGE HOARD OF NORMAN SILVER PENNIES FOUND (https://www.coinbooks.org/v22/esylum_v22n35a23.html)