Like the ad slogan: "You never actually own a Patek Philippe. You merely look after it for the next generation," Mel Wacks has indicated that he has gained greatsatisfaction in owning 2,000 year-old Judaean and related coins for over 50 years - and now it is time to pass them along to the next generation. Mel goes on to say that "There isnothing quite as thrilling as holding a coin in your hand that could have been used by the fighters for Judaean independence in the Maccabean uprising, or during the First orSecond Judaean Revolts. Even the Roman coins inscribed 'Judaea' or a variant thereof are proof that this was the ancient Jewish homeland."

The following coins are among those that will be featured by Goldberg Auctioneers at the Upcoming New York International Numismatic Convention, January 14-16, 2020. Thehistorical backgrounds have been taken largely from Mel Wacks' Handbook of Biblical Numismatics, which is available free at www.amuseum.org/book. All of the coins in the Mel Wacks Collection, and other lots can eventually be viewed and bid on at www.goldbergcoins.com. You can get the printed catalog free by calling 800-978-2646 or emailing ira@goldbergcoins.com, and mention that youread about this sale in E-Sylum.

When the Jewish Revolt broke out in 66 CE, the revolutionaries quickly captured the holy city of Jerusalem, thus assuring them access to the great Temple for religious purposesand to its vast treasury as well. From the silver therein - presumably consisting of Tyrian coins paid in taxes over the years - they struck the most famous of all Jewish coins -in shekel and half shekel denominations. These handsome coins are the first truly Jewish silver coins. They feature a chalice on one side with the year of the revolt above,surrounded by the ancient Hebrew inscription "Shekel of Israel." Three budding pomegranates are featured on the reverse, with the inscription "Jerusalem theHoly."

Purchased from Hans Schulman Auction, 5/5/63.

Soon after the Temple at Jerusalem was razed by the victorious troops led by Titus in 70 CE, his father - Emperor Vespasian - launched an extensive issue of coins commemoratingthe hard fought Roman victory over the tiny Jewish nation. The design elements of this gold aureus are a palm tree and a seated figure of a female (allegorical representative ofJudaea) in an attitude of mourning. The depiction on this coin may reflect the prophesy of Isaiah (c. 700 BCE): "For Jerusalem is ruined, and Judah is fallen ... Thy menshall fall by the sword and thy mighty in the war. And her gates shall lament and mourn, and she being desolate shall sit upon the ground" (Isaiah 3:8, 25-26).

Purchased from Jacques Schulman, date unknown.

In 70 CE, after the fall of Jerusalem, many thousands of Jews were taken to Rome as slaves and others were exiled from Judaea. Rome took over the collection of the annualJewish head tax, which had been a half shekel (equivalent to two Roman denarii). The Romans collected this tax with much zeal ... so much so that it caused embarrassment to Jewsand non-Jews alike.

Following the reign of Domitian, came the short but liberalizing rule of Nerva (96-98 CE). One of the first reforms he instituted concerned the department (Fiscus Judaicus)responsible for the collection of the Jewish head tax. In her paper "The Interpretation and Wider Context of Nerva's Fiscus Judaicus Sestertius, Marius Heemstra came to theconclusion that "Nerva's coin ... is very plausibly evidence that the new emperor no longer permitted people to be accused of living a Jewish life. This specific accusation became a'wrongful accusation' (calumnia). Towards the end of [his predecessor] Domitian's reign, high-ranking Romans accused of 'living a Jewish life' could have their propertyconfiscated and they could even end up being executed.

A large bronze sestertius was issued to commemorate this reform. This scarce coin features a palm tree, that had become symbolic of the Jewish people on the Judaea Capta coins,and the Latin inscriptions "FISCI IVDAICI CALVMNIA SVBLATA" (the calumny of the Jewish tax is removed) and "S C" (by consent of the Senate).

Purchased from Tom Donner, 8/66.

The Roman Emperor Hadrian (117-138 CE) visited many of the Roman provinces, including Judaea in 130 CE. Immediately, the rumor spread among the Jewish inhabitants that theEmperor, one of the great ancient builders, intended to rebuild the Jewish Temple in Jerusalem. He did intend to build a temple on this holy site ... however it was to be a paganRoman temple dedicated to the god Jupiter (Zeus). Leo Kadman writes: "The Jews watched the stones of the Sanctuary being used to erect temples for heathen gods. No choice wasleft to them but to interrupt the building of the Roman colony by force of arms before it was completed" (The Coins of Aelia Capitolina).

At the age of 60, Hadrian returned to Rome from his travels, and began to strike coins to commemorate his visits to the empire's provinces-- Egypt, Macedonia, Spain, etc.--andthe Judaean visit was no exception. His ADVENTVI AVG IVDAEA bronze sestertius, issued sometime between 134 and 138 CE, shows the Emperor receiving a Jewish woman and two childrenwho carry palm branches; in the background, a bull appears next to a sacrificial altar. (#95) The altar was a reference to the god Jupiter Capitolinus, to whom Hadrian haddedicated his new pagan temple. Hadrian renamed Jerusalem as Aelia (his family name) Capitolina.

Purchased from Christian Blom, 3/73.

The overstruck silver tetradrachms (called "sela" in the Mishnah) are among the most religiously significant coins issued by the ancient Jews, since the Holy ofHolies of the Jerusalem Temple is depicted, along with the Ark - that had held the two tablets of the Ten Commandments in Solomon's time. Beginning in the second year andcontinuing into the final year, a star appeared above the Temple on many coins, likely alluding to Bar Kochba's nickname "Son of the Star." During the third year ofthe revolt, "For the Freedom of Jerusalem" was inscribed around the Temple.

Purchased from Bank Leu Auction, 12/7/66.