In 1986 a revolution in coin grading took place when the Professional Coin Grading Service (PCGS) began grading coins as an unbiased thirdparty service. While PCGSwasn't the first-the American Numismatic Association Certification Service (ANACS) had been grading coins since 1972-PCGS was the first such service to encapsulate the coins itgrades in tamper-resistant, sonically-sealed plastic holders. Those holders soon became known in the trade as "slabs." Initially, some people resisted the innovation, othersembraced it.

The concept caught on and in 1987 Numismatic Guaranty Corporation (NGC) was launched. Numerous copy-cat coin grading services also sprang up, but PCGS and NGC have dominatedthe market since their beginnings. The dominance of these two coin grading services is so widespread that even though the grading standards of other firms may be perfectlyacceptable to most experienced numismatists, the vast majority of coin buyers prefer only coins graded by PCGS or NGC.

Two decades later, in 2007, a new service was launched: Certified Acceptance Corporation (CAC). Its purpose was different from those of PCGS and NGC. Because coins graded thesame vary in condition from barely making a grade to nearly reaching the next grade, CAC was developed to identify and separate solid-for-the-grade and premium-quality coins fromthose that barely make a grade. CAC only reviews coins that have already been graded and encapsulated by PCGS and NGC. For those coins that meet CAC's strict standards, atamper-resistant, oval, green, CAC logo-sticker is placed on the PCGS and NGC holders of the coins it approves. This sticker has come to be known as a "green bean."

While CAC is not in the business of valuing the coins it approves, CAC has had a noteworthy bearing on the market values of the coins it approves. Wide-ranging data shows thatmost CAC-stickered coins sell for premium prices over like-kind coins, graded the same, that have not earned a coveted green bean. CAC coins also tend to sell more quickly thanthose that do not possess CAC stickers.

So, it is with this background that I interviewed John Albanese, the one individual who is like a common thread woven between the "Big Three" coin grading services: PCGS, NGCand CAC. John was part of the original group of about a half dozen coin dealers who founded PCGS in 1986; he formed NGC the following year, then sold it in late 1998; and hecurrently operates CAC, which he founded in 2007.

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