Born in Pfortzheim, Baden, Germany. Arrived in New York October 12, 1829, and in Philadelphia October 26, 1829. Naturalized in July 1832. Married with four children.

Established business on their farm 3.5 miles north of Rutherfordton, North Carolina. Issued North Carolina gold. Advertised July 2, 1831, (also reported as 8/27/31) that they were available to assay gold and convert it to coinage. They charged 2.5 percent for striking coins. They also charged $1.00 for fluxing 400 dwt or less and $1.00 for assaying 1000 dwt or less. They struck coins from 1831 to 1840. Total mintage was reported as $2,241,850.50.

Although it might appear that they struck coins for different states, in fact these types represented different standards. North Carolina Gold was alloyed at 20 carats (.833 fine), Carolina Gold was alloyed at 21 carats (.875 fine) and Georgia Gold was 22 carats (.916 fine). The U.S. Mint did not accept them at full value.

bio: NUM 25 Jul 1912 page 262