The human species enjoys peace, yet seems to irresistibly pursue conflict. We interminably wage invasion, war, and conquest through subjugation ofothers. Those others, not unexpectedly, often resist. Such conflict has been a persistent, defining force in Mexico during its 10,000 years ofevolution. The wide horizons and profound resonances of Mexican paper money, just as any deep comprehension of the vast panorama of Mexicanhistory, cannot be grasped except against the backdrop of these dramatic and often violent events.

The Aztecs dominated their era, exacting tribute from their subjugated neighbors in material goods, slaves, and sacrificial human offerings to thegods as inked in the ancient codices on amatl (paper made from the bark of the fig tree). The victory ofthe conquistadores simply brought more of the same, summoning brutal dominance and new gods, substituting the fanatic dogma ofSpanish Catholicism and the Spanish Inquisition for the ancient Aztec deities. Three of the last five centuries of Mexico's existence were underthe iron hand of Spanish colonial despotism. The indigenous people struggled for their independence against the stranglehold of their Iberianoverlords. Whether the slash of obsidian-blade macuahuitl cudgels wielded by Aztec warriors bedecked as eagles and jaguars, or the rumblingof post-Conquest cannons pounding like hoofbeats of the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, war, famine, death, and disease were frequent invaders intonearly all the land.

Chaos was the color of the common man's life. Normal distribution of money from the mints of the colonial masters throughintermediary channels such as banks, and on into the hands of the populace, was disrupted. Even in Mexico City, the very heart of theempire, brigands and highwaymen so frequently robbed the transports carrying coinage that these transfers were discontinued or became sporadic tomany locations. Gresham's Law ensured that much of the scant dole and dribble of prized silver or gold that did reach the people was hoarded,squirreled away buried in earthen pots or sealed into adobe walls. Time went on, life went on, subjugation and resistance wenton. But always, even amid turmoil, daily needs went on. Hand-to-hand commerce continued. As ever, wages had to be received andspent, services, food, and goods bought, rent and debts paid. Barter, the ancient mechanism of exchange, was too clumsy to sustain the complex web ofeveryday transactions.

Little or none of the traditional Spanish colonial coinage of gold doblones and silver reales was available tothe public, so out of dire necessity the people did what they always do: they improvised. Defying vice-regal prohibitions, illegal vest-pocket andback-room mints popped up. Chimneys erupted smoke, crucibles poured out liquid metal, anvils rang under hammer blows. Crude dies to cast orstamp devices and denominations were painstakingly, clandestinely designed. People invented what they needed, and what they needed was money. Ifit wasn't as elegantly designed or finely produced as the old Spanish pillar dollars and pieces-of-eight, or the later republicancoinage, no matter. Employers and employees, ranchos and ranch-hands, businesses and clients, sellers and buyers, all made dowith the motley quasi-currency, and carried on. What they made do with was an unofficial medium of exchange consisting largely of a vast variety oftokens, often in limited local circulation, usually coined in copper or bronze. People had no option but to accept them, callingthem pilones, tlacos, fichas, or fichas de hacienda. But a new problem quickly arose: they ran out ofcopper. Again, they improvised. They manufactured the fichas out of other metals at hand; they melted down and alloyed brass,iron, white metal, lead. When metal disappeared, they used wood, leather, bone, even glass, and then even the unthinkable: paper!

And here is where the curtain rises on the story of Mexican paper money. The earliest known emission of paper currency in Mexico was issuedin 1813, printed on heavy paper, in small fractional real notes, we are told in Mexican Paper Money. They werefrom San Miguel el Grande, a municipality in the State of Guanajuato, then predominantly populated by the Chichimeca people. The townwas situated at the epicenter of the uprising against the Spanish. The struggle had already begun three years before; it consumed more than adecade before the sneering gachupines fled, the shackles were broken, and freedom was won. The town is famously associated with amajor emblematic moment in Mexican history, el Grito de Dolores, the rhetorical 'first shot' of the Mexican War ofIndependence, a call-to-arms by the charismatic priest Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla. September 16, 1810, is still memorialized annuallyas Mexico's Independence Day. In fact, the first town in Mexico to achieve freedom from the Spanish yoke was San Miguel elGrande.

Exactly 100 years after the first war for independence, revolution erupted in 1910 and during the entire second decade of the 20th centuryviolence rampaged throughout the country. Not until mid-century did a well-organized and administered polity finally coalesce and function andearn recognition as a modern nation-state. Every step of the way, paper money chronicled and depicted the events and people of the moment. From thepicturesque vignettes on the note issues of the 19th Century bancos, to the 20-plus ton Aztec Stone of the Sun, in an exquisitelyengraved image centered on the 1936 1-peso note, to Miguel Hidalgo in a dynamic gesture on a current 200-peso note commemorating the War ofIndependence at its bicentennial, Mexico is outstanding in the ubiquitous use of its circulating paper currency as a medium to display itshistory. The notes picture tribal rulers, indigenous, mestizo, and criollo leaders both men and women, battles, treaties, gems ofarchitecture and art, industries and occupations, cultural and historical artifacts, and much more.

There are examples from the most sophisticated security printers of the time, enhanced with vignettes, portraits and devices in deepintaglio from engraved hard-steel plates. There are also delightfully crude cartones, some little more than diminutive scraps ofpaper or cardboard, often produced with the most ad hoc improvisations under conditions of near-impossible hardship during battles, sieges, or simplylack of appropriate material for the purpose. And yet, here they are, surviving to testify to the indomitable fortitude of Mexico and the willof its people.

These spacious dimensions of the entire saga of Mexico are displayed in the sweeping iconographic panorama of its paper money. The details are thefocus of this second edition, aided and abetted by more than forty contributors. This book has been previously reviewed in glowing terms byknowledgeable numismatists, and deservedly so. Its content, structure, scope, and numbering protocol have been perused andanalyzed and amply commented on by other reviewers.

We see notes of the early eras, of the empires, and of the republican periods. There are sections segregated by states and municipalities, thebancos, the military, private issues, pre-Revolution, Revolution, and post-Revolution, ending in the 1970s with the American Bank Note Company issuesof the modern Banco de Mexico. This second edition is encyclopedic in coverage of types and yet goes deep in detailing varieties. Building onthe printed 2010 first edition, categories are amplified, date and series tables are extended. Prices are adjusted, generally upward, sometimesradically so. New discoveries are added to this kaleidoscope of paper money and each is a new thrill for the enthusiast. This2nd edition is the indispensable reference work on the subject.

For more information, or to order, see:
Mexican Paper Money 2017 Book(https://worldnumismatics.com/product/mexican-paper-money-2017-book/)

To read the earlier E-Sylum article, see:
NEW BOOK: MEXICAN PAPER MONEY 2017 EDITION(http://www.coinbooks.org/v20/esylum_v20n51a03.html)