Len Augsburger writes:

February 1: General Benjamin Butler Colored Troops Medal

In the case of the men who earned this medal in 1864, the fight for freedom was a very literal fight for freedom.

As someone who buys and sells historic objects all day every day, it's easy to get jaded. Every once in awhile, something comes along to help you snap out of it. In 1865, Union GeneralBenjamin Butler paid out of his own pocket for a medal to be struck to honor the courage of the men of the U.S. Colored Troops who fought under him on the way to Richmond.

197 medals were struck in silver, most awarded to those who fought. This one actually bears the recipients name on the edge: Abraham Armstead. He was a slave in eastern NC until he got to Unionlines and signed up at age 43. Six weeks later, he was the sergeant of his company. Imagine Morgan Freeman in Glory, but real. The medal is inscribed in Latin "Ferro iis libertas perveniet"or "Liberty will be theirs by the sword." Every other one of these I've seen is in nearly perfect condition, laid in a drawer one day in 1865 and forgotten about. It looks like SergeantArmstead wore this one day in and day out for years. Nobody knows the trouble it's seen.

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February 5: Minstrelry
The post-Civil War popularity of minstrelsy has inspired a great deal of modern historical discussion. The minstrel companies of the 1870s and 1880s saw a rise in both African-Americanperformers and audiences, a byproduct of limited outlets for both decent employment in the arts for Northern blacks and public performances that were open to them.

Brooker and Clayton's Georgia Minstrels are thought to have been the first all-black troupe, founded just after the end of the Civil War. Following their lead, other troupes used the words"Georgia Minstrels" to advertise that their performers were actual African-Americans instead of whites in blackface.

This 1877-dated half dollar served as both an advertisement and admission ticket for Sprague and Blodgett's Georgia Minstrels, which was managed by Charles B. Hicks, the African-American founderof the Brooker and Clayton Georgia Minstrel troupe a decade earlier. According to Matthew Wittman, now the curator of the theatre collection at Harvard's Houghton Library, "by June 1878 [Blodgett's]name was dropped from the advertising. The countermarked coins associated with Sprague & Blodgett were thus produced sometime between the fall of 1876 and the spring of 1878." The illustrated pieceis the one in the American Numismatic Society collection. I have a similar one in my own collection, one of perhaps a dozen or two extant.

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February 9: St. Vincent Black Corps

Perhaps the most notable example of pitting the enslaved against Native Americans took place on the West Indian island of Saint Vincent during the Second Carib War of the mid 1790s. The Caribs(for whom the Caribbean was named) were a synthetic tribe formed by the various indigenous peoples who had not died out in the violence and plagues in the decades following Columbus' arrival. By the18th century, the Caribs were called "Black Caribs," a people whose heritage was a mix of the island's indigenous residents and former slaves that either escaped to their communities or wereshipwrecked. An uprising of the Caribs in the 1770s was put down by the British military forces on Saint Vincent, but another followed in the 1790s, inspired by the uprising that had created thenation of Haiti.

Intent on putting down the second uprising, the British military establishment raised two regiments of men who had been recently enslaved: some were purchased and freed to make them soldiers, somewere promised their freedom if they fought. Termed the Saint Vincent Black Corps, these men of African heritage were placed alongside British regulars and local militias to fight against other men ofAfrican heritage, the Black Caribs. Those who fought under the British flag were free men thereafter. Those men and their officers were granted a military decoration that depicted a black solder withthe three words the British military thought best summarized their new troops: BOLD, LOYAL, OBEDIENT

The Black Caribs were defeated and sent in exile to Honduras, where their descendants are today known as the Garifuna, culturally distinct and speaking a language similar to the one Columbus heardwhen he first landed in the West Indies in 1492.

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February 10: Birth of A Nation Lincoln Plaque
I write tonight from Los Angeles, where I sit in a hotel that was once the home of Lillian Gish, the heroine of the 1915 film Birth of a Nation. Inarguably one of the most racist Americanmovies ever made, the story of the upheaval against Birth of a Nation is a chapter of African-American history too little known (but recently covered in an excellent documentary called "Birth ofa Movement," shown on PBS).

The film was largely inspired by a novel and play called The Clansman, which is a better summation of its plot line than the title given to the screen adaptation. Its storyline adapted thehistorical events at the end of the Civil War with a grossly fictionalized view of Reconstruction that better fit the Lost Cause ideology then popular than any historical reality. Its caricatures ofAfrican-Americans not only dramatized the worst derogatory stereotypes of the era, but made plain that the only way to combat the lustful and thieving nature of the black underclass was withviolence.

The year Birth of a Nation appeared in theatres, 56 African-Americans were lynched.

The film's racial violence did not go unnoticed or unchallenged in the African-American community, whose fight against it proved a greater legacy than any cinematic artistry the filmdisplayed.

Despite the protests, the film became America's first enormous box office success, packing theatres in big cities and small towns around the country. Its glorification of the Ku Klux Klan isconsidered the main fuel in the Klan's re-invention after 1915, causing it to rise to political power throughout the Midwest after being all but dead.Trotter's protests had succeeded nonetheless, notonly in inspiring the power of the African-American community to join in common cause, but in limiting the movie's spread: a planned 1921 revival was banned in Boston.

This small plaque of Lincoln was distributed to those who attended Birth of a Nation's 400th screening at the Illinois Theatre in Chicago on December 20, 1915. The following spring, the members ofthe on campus chapter of the Ku Klux Klan at the University of Illinois posed for a group photograph for the first time.

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