... a person expiring between the ages of one and 44 years is more likely to fall under what the charts render a yawning wedge of bilious turquoise: the color of dying byaccident.

What cannot be gleaned from such charts are accidents that are thwarted - or the names of the people who attempted to thwart them. Acknowledging them is the self-appointed taskof the Carnegie Hero Fund Commission: a private foundation that identifies and rewards members of the public for being heroes.

Year-round, a small team of office workers endeavors to analyze the seconds when somebody intervenes to try to prevent death or serious injury. From a tidy headquarters indowntown Pittsburgh, they laboriously collect and scrutinize newspaper stories, hospital records, fire marshal reports, witness statements, family interviews, location sketches,tide charts, photographs of charred clothing, stairway dimensions, expert testimony on seasonal bear activity - anything they can get their hands on to better understand thosecalamitous situations in which outsiders intervened.

The Hero Fund's task is not to assign blame, nor to explain why something happened. It is to identify those mere mortals who attempted individually, and bodily, to disrupt therelentless course of fate. And to send them a check for $5,500 and a hand-struck medal on behalf of humankind.

The paychecks for those who do this work arrive courtesy of a man who died 100 years ago. It is a testament to the magical ability of money to become more money that AndrewCarnegie's gift of $5 million in 1904 has enabled the Carnegie Hero Fund Commission to distribute $41.3 million - and 10,135 medals - to individual heroes over the last 115years.

Hero Prerequisites
The official requirements to become a Carnegie hero are brief and broad, but only people who act heroically within the United States and Canada are eligible. (A fewEuropean variants of the fund, likewise started by Andrew Carnegie, operate independently.) At a minimum, a "hero" must leave a place of safety and risk death to attempt to savethe life of someone whom they have no responsibility to help. The attempt may fail and still be recognized, as long as it was done with courage. Acts must be brought to the fund'sattention within two years of their occurrence.

The award is open to civilians only; soldiers cannot win, nor can rescue professionals unless they have acted far outside the scope of their usual duties. (For instance: Anoff-duty firefighter recovering from shoulder surgery in British Columbia in 1997, recognized for her efforts to drive off a bear as it mauled a man to death, was Hero #8281).

Individuals previously convicted of crimes are eligible. ("Heroes deserve pardon and a fresh start," the official 1904 deed of trust declares.) Hero #5969 received his awardfor a split-second decision to launch his body at an active shooter in Michigan in 1970. At the time, both shooter and hero were being transferred between prison facilities in theback of a police sedan; the hero was still shackled. Many, many heroes have been awarded for tackling armed gunmen. They include a street cleaning commissioner, a human resourcesdirector, an exotic dancer, several teachers, a data analyst, a barber, a telemarketer, a newspaper editor, a bricklayer, an investment adviser, and a county jail elevatoroperator whose parents were born enslaved.

To separate the wheat of true heroism from the chaff of acts that are merely extremely admirable, the fund requires "conclusive evidence to support the act's occurrence." Thegathering of such evidence falls to a team of four investigators.

Human and animal attack cases typically get the most attention when Carnegie awards are announced every quarter, said Eric Zahren, the fund's president. "It just affects thepsyche a little bit differently than natural perils like drowning, burning."

Before he became president, Mr. Zahren spent 25 years in the Secret Service, retiring as the special agent in charge of the Pittsburgh field office. "In my last career, I dealta lot with the darker side of human nature," he said.

Even the bleakest Carnegie stories, by contrast, strobe with flashes of good will. Inherent in every heroic attempt is hope. Many heroes escape not just with their own lives,but having rescued someone else.

To read the complete article, see:
What Makes an American Hero? (Or a Canadian One?)(https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/12/style/carnegie-hero-fund.html)