The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has allegedly amassed US$100 billion in purportedly charitable assets since 1997 without ever giving any money away - a possiblebreach of federal tax laws.

This estimate of the size of its investment vehicle known as Ensign Peak Advisors became public knowledge when David A. Nielsen, a former employee and a member of the church,blew the whistle.

From my vantage point as a historian of Mormonism, this news marks a new twist on an old story. For nearly two centuries, the church has conducted its finances in ways thatdefy the expectations Americans have for religious organizations.

Consider what happened in the summer of 1837, when the fledgling church teetered on the brink of collapse.

At the time, Joseph Smith and many church members lived in Kirtland, a small town in northeastern Ohio. The Smith family had moved there in the early 1830s, seeking a safergathering place for church members in the face of persecution in New York state.

Smith and his followers began building a temple in Kirtland. The Saints dedicated their temple in 1836, but the project left Smith and others deep in debt. Like manycommunities in antebellum America, Mormon Kirtland was land-rich and cash-poor. A lack of hard currency hampered commerce.

Smith and his associates decided to start their own bank to solve their financial woes. The circulation of bank notes, they thought, would boost Kirtland's economic prospectsand make it easier for church leaders to satisfy their creditors.

Lots of currency
The idea of Mormon leaders printing their own money wasn't as crazy as it sounds in 2019. The United States still lacked a uniform currency. A host of institutions of varyingintegrity - chartered banks, unchartered banks, other businesses and even counterfeiting rings - issued notes whose acceptance depended on the confidence of citizens who mightaccept or refuse them.

Mormon leaders bought engraving plates for printing bank notes and asked the Ohio state legislature to charter their bank. The Mormon proposal went nowhere in thelegislature.

At this point, church leaders took a more fateful and dubious step.

They had collected money from investors and had already begun printing notes of the "Kirtland Safety Society Bank." Instead of shutting down the operation when the charterfailed to come through, they doubled down. Worried about the legal risk of running an unchartered bank, church leaders altered the notes to read "anti-Banking-Co."

A brief boom
For a while, all went well. "Kirtland bills are as safe as gold," one church member wrote in January 1837. The town enjoyed a short-lived boom.

Soon, however, the anti-bank proved anything but safe. Non-Mormons questioned the society's ability to redeem its notes, and church leaders could not keep it afloat. TheKirtland Safety Society's struggles were not unusual. Scores of banks, including some of the nation's largest, failed in what became the Panic of 1837. Real estate speculatorslost their fortunes, and workers lost their jobs.

What made Kirtland different was the bank's ownership. Many church members lost not only confidence in the society's banknotes, but faith in the prophet who had signedthem.

The crisis divided the church. At one point that summer, church members wielding pistols and bowie knives fought with each other in the temple. Smith and one of his topassociates were convicted of issuing banknotes without a charter and fined $1,000 each. They soon fled the courts and their creditors, taking refuge with fellow church members inMissouri.

After anti-Mormon mobs forced the Latter-day Saints out of Missouri and then Illinois, Smith's successor, Brigham Young, led thousands of church members to what became the UtahTerritory.

To read the complete article, see:
Mormons and money: An unorthodox and messy history of churchfinances (https://theconversation.com/mormons-and-money-an-unorthodox-and-messy-history-of-church-finances-129132)